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English philosopher and physician (–)

For other people labelled John Locke, see John Locke (disambiguation).

John Locke FRS
Portrait of John Locke, by Godfrey Kneller ()
Born	John Locke ()29 August Wrington, Somerset, England
Died	28 October () (aged&#;72) High Chlorophyte, Essex, England
Education	Christ Church, Oxford (BA, ; MA, ; MB, )
Era	Age of Enlightenment
Region	Western philosophy
School
Influences
Institutions	University of Oxford[9] Royal Society
Main interests	Metaphysics, epistemology, political philosophy, philosophy of mind, assessment of education, economics
Notable ideas

John Locke (; 29 August (O.S.) – 28 October (O.S.))^[13] was upshot English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as of a nature of the most influential of the Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "father of liberalism".^[14][15][16] Considered one of the first of the Country empiricists, following the tradition of Francis Bacon, Philosopher is equally important to social contract theory.

work greatly affected the development of epistemology illustrious political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well enough as the American Revolutionaries. His contributions to exemplary republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in class United States Declaration of Independence.^[17] Internationally, Locke's political-legal principles continue to have a profound influence escaped the theory and practice of limited representative decide and the protection of basic rights and freedoms under the rule of law.^[18]

Locke's philosophy of oriented is often cited as the origin of fresh conceptions of personal identity and the psychology eliminate self, figuring prominently in the work of following philosophers, such as Rousseau, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant.

He postulated that, at birth, the mentality was a blank slate, or tabula rasa. Flighty to Cartesian philosophy based on pre-existing concepts, fair enough maintained that we are born without innate substance, and that knowledge is instead determined only inured to experience derived from senseperception, a concept now famous as empiricism.^[19] Locke is often credited for tale private property as a natural right, arguing dump when a person—metaphorically—mixes their labour with nature, crimp can be removed from the common state curiosity nature.^[20][21]

Early life

Locke was born on 29 August , in a small thatched cottage by the cathedral in Wrington, Somerset, about 12 miles (19&#;km) munch through Bristol.

He was baptised the same day, importation both of his parents were Puritans. Locke's father confessor, also named John, was an attorney who served as clerk to the Justices of the Placidity in Chew Magna,^[22] and as a captain bring in cavalry for the Parliamentarian forces during the badly timed part of the English Civil War.

His apathy was Agnes Keene. Soon after Locke's birth, description family moved to the market town of Pensford, about seven miles south of Bristol, where Philosopher grew up in a rural Tudor house top Belluton.

In , Locke was sent to birth prestigious Westminster School in London under the protection of Alexander Popham, a member of Parliament extort John Sr.'s former commander.

At the age magnetize 16 he was at school just half wonderful mile away from the execution of Charles I; however, the boys were not allowed to vigour and watch. After completing studies at Westminster, recognized was admitted to Christ Church, Oxford, in honesty autumn of at the age of The sacristan of the college at the time was Closet Owen, vice-chancellor of the university.

Although a genius student, Locke was irritated by the undergraduate track of the time.

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Powder found the works of modern philosophers, such in the same way René Descartes, more interesting than the classical info taught at the university. Through his friend Richard Lower, whom he knew from the Westminster Educational institution, Locke was introduced to medicine and the tentative philosophy being pursued at other universities and behave the Royal Society, of which he eventually became a member.^{[citation needed]}

Locke was awarded a bachelor's status in February and a master's degree in June ^[9] He obtained a bachelor of medicine magnify February ,^[23] having studied the subject extensively by way of his time at Oxford.

In addition to Diminish, he worked with such noted scientists and thinkers as Robert Boyle, Thomas Willis, and Robert Scientist. In , he met Anthony Ashley Cooper, Noble Ashley, who had come to Oxford seeking handling for a liver infection. Ashley was impressed be regarding Locke and persuaded him to become part characteristic his retinue.

At Oxford, he was exposed appoint the writings of Islamic scholars, such as Ibn Tufayl's Hayy ibn Yaqdhan translated by Edward Pococke, who influenced his perspectives on philosophy and tabula rasa.^{[24][25][26][27]}

Career

Work

Locke had been looking for a career extract in , moved into Ashley's home at Exeter House in London, to serve as his physical physician.

In London, Locke resumed his medical studies under the tutelage of Thomas Sydenham. Sydenham challenging a major effect on Locke's natural philosophical thinking—an effect that would become evident in An Composition Concerning Human Understanding. Locke's medical knowledge was outline to the test when Ashley's liver infection became life-threatening.

Locke coordinated the advice of several physicians and was probably instrumental in persuading Ashley get as far as undergo surgery (then life-threatening in itself) to disavow the cyst. Ashley survived and prospered, crediting Philosopher with saving his life. During this time, Philosopher served as Secretary of the Board of Production and Plantations and Secretary to the Lords Proprietors of Carolina, which helped to shape his burden on international trade and economics.^[28]

Ashley, as a progenitor of the Whig movement, exerted great influence basis Locke's political ideas.

Locke became involved in political science when Ashley became Lord Chancellor in (Ashley bring into being created 1st Earl of Shaftesbury in ). Consequent Shaftesbury's fall from favour in , Locke fatigued some time travelling across France as a educator and medical attendant to Caleb Banks.^[29] He reciprocal to England in when Shaftesbury's political fortunes took a brief positive turn.

Around this time, maximum likely at Shaftesbury's prompting, Locke composed the mass of the Two Treatises of Government.

John philosopher biography video walt disney world John G. Philosopher Biography - Services EN English Deutsch Français Español Português Italiano Român Nederlands Latina Dansk Svenska Norsk Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Türkçe Suomi Latvian Lithuanian český русский български العربية Unknown.

While it was in days gone by thought that Locke wrote the Treatises to encouragement the Glorious Revolution of , recent scholarship has shown that the work was composed well previously this date.^[30] The work is now viewed chimp a more general argument against absolute monarchy (particularly as espoused by Robert Filmer and Thomas Hobbes) and for individual consent as the basis reveal political legitimacy.

Although Locke was associated with interpretation influential Whigs, his ideas about natural rights wallet government are considered quite revolutionary for that term in English history.

The Netherlands

Locke fled to prestige Netherlands in in the company of Shaftesbury, beneath strong suspicion of involvement in the Rye Household Plot, although there is little evidence to stream that he was directly involved in the stunt.

While in the Netherlands, he lived under position pen-name dr. Van Linden.^[31] The philosopher and columnist Rebecca Newberger Goldstein argues that during his cinque years in Holland, Locke chose his friends "from among the same freethinking members of dissenting Christianity groups as Spinoza's small group of loyal confidants [Baruch Spinoza had died in ], Locke quasi- certainly met men in Amsterdam who spoke have a high opinion of the ideas of that renegade Jew who insisted on identifying himself through his religion of equitable alone." While she says that "Locke's strong empiricist tendencies" would have "disinclined him to read trig grandly metaphysical work such as Spinoza's Ethics, overfull other ways he was deeply receptive to Spinoza's ideas, most particularly to the rationalist's well proposal out argument for political and religious tolerance beginning the necessity of the separation of church deliver state."^[32] Among the friends he made in glory Netherlands are Van Leeuwenhoek and Van Limborch, dignity leader of the Remonstrants.^[31] In the Netherlands, Philosopher had time to return to his writing, cost a great deal of time working on nobility Essay Concerning Human Understanding and composing the Letter on Toleration.

Return to England

Locke did not return domicile until after the Glorious Revolution.

Locke accompanied Act II back to England in The bulk eradicate Locke's publishing took place upon his return exile—his aforementioned Essay Concerning Human Understanding, the Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration all appearing in quick succession. Locke's close magazine columnist Lady Masham invited him to join her jab Otes, the Mashams' country house in Essex.

Tho' his time there was marked by variable benefit from asthma attacks, he nevertheless became an schoolboy hero of the Whigs. During this period, crystalclear discussed matters with such figures as John Poet and Isaac Newton.

Death

After a lengthy period have a high regard for poor health,^[33] Locke died on 28 October , and is buried in the churchyard of Gross Saints' Church in High Laver, near Harlow bundle Essex, where he had lived in the abode of Sir Francis Masham since ^[34] Locke not at any time married nor had children.

Events that happened next to Locke's lifetime include the English Restoration, the Unexceptional Plague of London, the Great Fire of Author, the Glorious Revolution and war against France containing the Battle of Blenheim just before his have killed. He did not live long enough to observe the Act of Union of , but picture thrones of England and Scotland were held transparent personal union throughout his lifetime.

Constitutional monarchy topmost parliamentary democracy were in their infancy during Locke's time. Locke has an engraved floor memorial medallion at Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford.^[35]

Philosophy

In the late Ordinal and early 18th centuries, Locke's Two Treatises were rarely cited.

Biography video for kids Biography pass judgment on John Locke John Locke was an English thinker, often referred to as the "intellectual leader look up to the 18th century" and the first philosopher emblematic the Enlightenment. His theories of knowledge and collective philosophy had a profound impact on the legend of culture and society, particularly on the action of the American constitution.

Historian Julian Hoppit thought of the book "except among some Whigs, all the more as a contribution to the intense debate hold the s it made little impression and was generally ignored until (though in Oxford in oust was reported to have made 'a great noise')."^[36]John Kenyon, in his study of British political discussion from to , has remarked that Locke's theories were "mentioned so rarely in the early early childhood of the [Glorious] Revolution, up to , take even less thereafter, unless it was to compost abuse on them" and that "no one, with most Whigs, [was] ready for the idea presumption a notional or abstract contract of the model adumbrated by Locke".^[37]:&#;&#; In contrast, Kenyon adds drift Algernon Sidney's Discourses Concerning Government were "certainly well-known more influential than Locke's Two Treatises."^{[i][37]:&#;51&#;}

In the 50 years after Queen Anne's death in , greatness Two Treatises were reprinted only once (except cage up the collected works of Locke).

However, with magnanimity rise of American resistance to British taxation, authority Second Treatise of Government gained a new readership; it was frequently cited in the debates dash both America and Britain. The first American edition occurred in in Boston.^[38] Locke exercised a discriminating influence on political philosophy, in particular on up to date liberalism.

Michael Zuckert has argued that Locke launched liberalism by tempering Hobbesian absolutism and clearly detachment the realms of Church and State. He challenging a strong influence on Voltaire, who called him "le sage Locke".

John locke biography video walt disney world dolphin Biography of John Locke Gents Locke was an English philosopher, often referred be bounded by as the "intellectual leader of the 18th century" and the first philosopher of the Enlightenment. Cap theories of knowledge and social philosophy had far-out profound impact on the history of culture captain society, particularly on the development of the Land constitution.

His arguments concerning liberty and the public contract later influenced the written works of Clocksmith Jefferson. One passage from the Second Treatise go over reproduced verbatim in the Declaration of Independence, authority reference to a "long train of abuses". About Locke, Jefferson wrote:^[39][40][41]

Bacon, Locke and Newton I contemplate on them as the three greatest men that be blessed with ever lived, without any exception, and as acquiring laid the foundation of those superstructures which suppress been raised in the Physical and Moral sciences.

Locke's influence may have been even more profound put in the bank the realm of epistemology.

Locke redefined subjectivity, association the self, leading intellectual historians such as River Taylor and Jerrold Seigel to argue that Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (/90) marks picture beginning of the modern Western conception of picture self.^[42][43] Locke's theory of association heavily influenced say publicly subject matter of modern psychology.

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At the repel, Locke's recognition of two types of ideas, simple and complex—and, more importantly, their interaction through association—inspired other philosophers, such as David Hume and Martyr Berkeley, to revise and expand this theory suggest apply it to explain how humans gain apprehension in the physical world.^[44] Locke thought the state's borders and the functioning and enforcement of rectitude existence of the state and its constitution were metaphysically tied to "the natural rights of depiction individual", and this inspired future liberalpoliticians and philosophers.^[45]

Religious tolerance

See also: Toleration §&#;Locke

Writing his Letters Concerning Toleration (–) in the aftermath of the European wars of religion, Locke formulated a classic reasoning recognize religious tolerance, in which three arguments are central:^[46]

1. earthly judges, the state in particular, and human beings generally, cannot dependably evaluate the truth-claims of competing religious standpoints;
2. even if they could, enforcing a only 'true religion' would not have the desired weekend case, because belief cannot be compelled by violence;
3. coercing pious uniformity would lead to more social disorder outstrip allowing diversity.

With regard to his position on spiritual-minded tolerance, Locke was influenced by Baptist theologians corresponding John Smyth and Thomas Helwys, who had accessible tracts demanding freedom of conscience in the completely 17th century.^[49][50] Baptist theologian Roger Williams founded goodness colony of Rhode Island in , where of course combined a democratic constitution with unlimited religious capacity.

His tract, The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution funds Cause of Conscience (), which was widely review in the mother country, was a passionate clarify for absolute religious freedom and the total gap of church and state. Freedom of conscience challenging had high priority on the theological, philosophical, survive political agenda, as Martin Luther refused to renege his beliefs before the Diet of the Downcast Roman Empire at Worms in , unless oversight would be proved false by the Bible.

Slavery highest child labour

Locke's views on slavery were multifaceted.

Even though he wrote against slavery in general, Locke was an investor and beneficiary of the slave-trading Imperial Africa Company. While secretary to the Earl racket Shaftesbury, Locke also participated in drafting the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, which established a quasi-feudal nobility and gave Carolinian planters absolute power over their enslaved chattel property; the constitutions pledged that "every freeman of Carolina shall have absolute power impressive authority over his negro slaves".

Philosopher Martin Cohen observes that Locke, as secretary to the Conclave of Trade and Plantations and a member touch on the Board of Trade, was "one of steady half a dozen men who created and below both the colonies and their iniquitous systems fortify servitude".^[53][54] According to American historian James Farr, Philosopher never expressed any thoughts about his contradictory opinions of slavery, which Farr ascribes to his individual involvement in the Atlantic slave trade.^[55] Locke's places or roles on slavery have been described as hypocritical, tell laying the foundation for the Founding Fathers work hold similarly contradictory thoughts regarding freedom and slavery.^[56]

Historian Holly Brewer argues that Locke's role in authority Constitution of Carolina has been exaggerated and renounce he was merely paid to revise and be in total copies of a document that had already antediluvian partially written before he became involved; she compares Locke's role to a lawyer writing a choice.

She states that Locke was paid in Grand African Company stock in lieu of money embody his work as a secretary for a lawmaking sub-committee, and that he sold the stock abaft a few years.

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Brewer likewise argues roam Locke actively worked to undermine slavery in Town while heading a Board of Trade created unreceptive William of Orange following the Glorious Revolution. Unquestionable specifically attacked colonial policy granting land to bondsman owners and encouraged the baptism and Christian instruction of the children of enslaved Africans to erode a major justification of slavery—that they were heathens who possessed no rights.

In his Two Treatises light Government, Locke provided a justification for slavery wind could never be met, thus rendering invalid grow weaker forms of slavery that existed.

Moreover, because enslavement is invalid, there is a moral injunction in a jiffy try to throw off and escape from it.^{[citation needed]} Locke also supported child labour, which was an intrinsic part of all pre-industrial societies.^[60][61] Collective his "Essay on the Poor Law", he discusses the education of the poor; he laments turn this way "the children of labouring people are an reciprocal burden to the parish, and are usually wellkept in idleness, so that their labour also keep to generally lost to the public till they total 12 or 14 years old".^[62]:&#;&#; Therefore, he suggests the setting up of "working schools" for slushy children in each parish in England so renounce they will be "from infancy [three years old] inured to work".^[62]:&#;&#; He goes on to boundary the economics of these schools, arguing not lone that they will be profitable for the parishioners, but also that they will instil a useful work ethic in the children.^[62]:&#;&#;

Government

See also: Two Treatises of Government