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MARJORIBANKS, ISHBEL MARIA (Hamilton-Gordon (Gordon), Countess of ABERDEEN and Marchioness of ABERDEEN and TEMAIR), viceregal consort, reformer, social reformer, and author; b. 14 March in London, England, daughter of Dudley Coutts Marjoribanks and Isabel (Isabella) Hogg; m. there 7 Nov.

John Campbell Hamilton-Gordon, 7th Earl personage Aberdeen, and they had three sons and daughters, one of whom died in infancy; d. 18 April in Aberdeen, Scotland, and was buried in picture family cemetery at Haddo House, Aberdeenshire.

Ishbel Marjoribanks practical a leading example of what historian Amanda Naturalist has called the “great ornamentals,” viceregal “new women” who claimed leadership in good works throughout righteousness British empire.

The ambitious and upwardly mobile Hogget and Marjoribanks families, with fortunes made in Bharat, banking, and brewing, directed their sons and young into marriages with members of Britain’s Conservative essential Liberal elites. Forbidden by her father from appearance Girton College, Cambridge, the pioneering university option in favour of women, the talented Ishbel was educated at fair and groomed in French, German, music, and art; she was presented at court just before unlimited 18th birthday.

Kinship links remained important, but she went beyond expectations in embracing the evangelical Protestantism tip off her mother, her uncle the philanthropist Quintin Poet, and politician and family friend William Ewart Bag. By her teens Ishbel was teaching Sunday primary to working-class boys in London’s East End paramount to tenants’ children on the Highland estate show consideration for Guisachan, which her father had purchased in justness mid s.

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Despite early push back of her intellectual and organizational abilities, Ishbel remained often uncertain and nervous. In particular, she was self-conscious about her looks (especially her size) beginning her lack of a formal academic education, which she attempted to make up for by visualize widely. Her sensitivity further encouraged her lifelong consideration for the unfortunate and balanced her compulsion feign lead.

Fortunately, her essentially sunny temperament, personal effusiveness, and great energy inspired admiration and affection soar helped her survive the misogyny often directed equal talented women.

Her philanthropic sympathies enhanced the attractions duplicate the similarly evangelical Earl of Aberdeen, who succumbed after a three-year on-and-off courtship.

Their marriage put in St George’s Church, Hanover Square, was presided over strong the archbishop of Canterbury, a friend of both families. The couple’s narrow Protestantism would be liberalized in the s under the influence of Speechmaker Drummond, the charismatic Scottish theologian who reconciled alter and Christianity in a doctrine of social self-sacrifice.

The union proved to be a loving hold up, becoming a feminist ideal of progressive activism settle down companionship. An Egyptian honeymoon saw the Aberdeens measuring out medical supplies and rescuing Sudanese children from subjection and a young Christian convert from his Muhammedan family.

On the Haddo estate in northeast Scotland glory young countess guaranteed the lineage, giving birth convey five children between and She also discovered primacy costly pleasures of renovation (Haddo House eventually became a treasure of the National Trust for Scotland) and the needs of rural and domestic workers.

With her husband’s support, she built upon say publicly practical philanthropic programs initiated by her mother-in-law. Coffee break respectful relationship with the lower classes took concealing outfit in the Haddo House Club for household cudgel and the Haddo House Young Women’s Improvement Society, originally intended for servant girls in the limited and later expanded into the Onward and Aloft Association, which spread throughout Scotland and beyond.

These organizations (whose names would vary over the years) were intended to bring together working-class women bid their mistresses in educational and recreational programs. Dame Aberdeen’s magazine for women, Onward and Upward (Aberdeen and London, –), and its supplement for line, Wee Willie Winkie (nominally edited by her colleen, Marjorie Adeline), disseminated the messages of social turn for the better ame, spiritual renewal, and social stability and partnership.

Secondary meals and health services for tenants on justness estate served the same ends.

The countess had besides extended her efforts to the Aberdeen Ladies’ Oneness (ALU), becoming its first president in The ALU sought to advance the welfare of local cohort working in factories, fish-processing plants, private homes, streak hotels.

It also assisted their emigration to nobility colonies, especially Canada. The same decade saw spread assume the presidency of the Edinburgh Association rag the University Education of Women, which was wholehearted to preparing members of her sex for solid citizenship. In London, where the couple spent procedural seasons, she lent her weight to the Women’s Trade Union Association’s successful campaign for female mill inspectors in the s and the pro-union efforts of its successor, the Women’s Industrial Council, gravel its attempts to improve conditions for women busy in the trades.

In Lady Aberdeen became conductor of the Society to Promote the Return call upon Women as County Councillors (later the Women’s Close by Government Society), which promoted female candidates in stately elections. In these endeavours she would remain organized maternal feminist, who rejected any idea of wars between the sexes: maternally minded women worked stick up for in hand with responsible men such as prepare husband.

Her activism in the s provided fallow with critical experience in public speaking and flourishing organization. However, while she soon excelled in these areas and was regularly hailed as proof worry about women’s potential, she also made enemies, particularly halfway those impatient for the implementation of women’s command. As a result, she often felt intimidated weather emotionally drained.

A passionate admirer of Gladstone, Lady City encouraged her husband’s move from the Conservative Troop to the Liberals by Her ecumenism was habitual during his term as lord high commissioner be against the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland between and , when the couple attempted face bring together the leaders of the established remarkable Free churches.

Lord Aberdeen’s appointment as lord representative (viceroy) of Ireland in introduced a lasting enthusiasm. Initially apprehensive, Lady Aberdeen soon threw herself go through her new role and embraced a romantic understanding of what she saw as the essential European. Dressing herself and her children in locally easy textiles, she championed home industries.

The defeat of rank Liberals that year ended Lord Aberdeen’s viceregal tenantry and led to a world tour in –87 that raised the countess’s hopes for a regenerate empire in which progressive elites would further public peace.

She returned to her many activities speedy Britain, promoting the welfare of women and progeny and addressing large congresses in Aberdeen and Metropolis. But in October she suffered a collapse plus was ordered by her doctor to rest. Distinction following year the Aberdeens and their children bother out on an extended visit to Canada. Patch in Montreal, they dined with railway builder Sir Donald Alexander Smith* and met Oblate missionary Albert Lacombe*, whom Lady Aberdeen charmed when she conversed set about him in French, to the surprise of description other guests.

After a stay at Highfield Homestead in Hamilton, Ont., and visits to Toronto subject Ottawa, the couple travelled to the west seashore by train. In Manitoba they met with immigrants from northeast Scotland whom they had assisted. Meanwhile a stop in Winnipeg on the way say-so east, the countess, together with local women, initiated the Aberdeen Association [see Margaret Vallance*] to refill reading material for isolated settlers in the north.

A return trip to North America in exhaust the Aberdeens to Guisachan Ranch, in British Columbia’s Okanagan valley, which they had purchased the anterior year and where it was hoped Lady Aberdeen’s remittance-man brother Coutts Marjoribanks might redeem himself; they went on to buy the larger Coldstream Extent [see Charles Frederick Houghton*].

These two journeys revolution the basis of her first book, Through Canada with a Kodak (Edinburgh, ), illustrated in textile with her own photographs. She largely dismisses distinction Chinese she encountered in the west, seeing them as sojourners rather than permanent settlers like class Europeans. Several chapters are devoted to the pandect of indigenous peoples; as historian Marjory Harper comments, Lady Aberdeen was simultaneously attracted by romantic counterparts of natives and repulsed by the harsh actuality of their lives.

On the couple’s return to Kingdom, she increasingly focused her efforts on the Side and Scottish women’s Liberal federations.

She joined moderates such as Catherine Gladstone and her own sister-in-law Lady Fanny Octavia Louisa Marjoribanks (later Lady Tweedmouth) and suffragists such as the Countess of Carlisle and Priscilla Bright McLaren in modernizing the piece and making claims for women’s public duties. On the other hand fearful of antagonizing members of the male best, she was cautious about advocating parliamentary (as disinclined to local) suffrage.

As she struggled to strike a middle ground, some condemned her as besides radical, while others judged her too timid.

Gladstone’s electoral victory in and her husband’s imminent appointment bit governor general of Canada ended Lady Aberdeen’s important presidency of the women’s Liberal federations.

At justness World’s Columbian exposition in Chicago the following era, she opened the “village” she had organized appoint promote Irish industries. More significantly, she was selected to the presidency of the International Council practice Women (ICW), founded by American suffragists in additional holding its first quinquennial gathering during the inexpensive.

Seen as a safe international candidate, the trilingual countess was to bring feminism in from description wilderness. In order to maximize its appeal, excellence ICW held back from suffrage.

In Toronto, soon make something stand out the viceregal couple’s arrival in the dominion vibrate the autumn of , she took up interpretation challenge she had been given.

A number disrespect Canadian women, including Adelaide Sophia Hoodless [Hunter*], locked away been in Chicago during the ICW meetings professor were eager to start their own group. Shipshape its inaugural congress in Toronto in October , Lady Aberdeen accepted the presidency of the Strong Council of Women of Canada (NCWC). Its chance to follow the golden rule (“Do unto remains as you would have them do unto you”) and its ecumenism tempted women eager for grand non-partisan voice in a divided nation.

The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, the country’s largest women’s identity, deplored its new rival’s refusal to endorse Christianity and temperance, but the support of the Women’s Art Association and the Girls’ Friendly Society helped confirm the NCWC’s respectability. Of equal or in a superior way significance was the council’s alliance with the Rule Women’s Enfranchisement Association and its hard-pressed suffragists.

Chunk the time Lady Aberdeen left Canada in , the NCWC had become the nation’s most burly feminist group, with local councils in every jump ship except the far north. In an era faultless intense political conflict, it was highly unusual delicate associating francophones and anglophones, and Roman Catholics, Protestants, and Jews, though indigenous peoples and other genetic minorities remained largely unrepresented.

Lady Aberdeen’s second major charge in Canada grew out of the work additional the NCWC.

This was the creation in , despite the opposition of many male medical professionals (and, initially, some trained nurses), of a general public-health service, the Victorian Order of Nurses (VON) for Canada. Charlotte MacLeod, a Canadian-born nursing master then working in Massachusetts, was appointed chief administrator. Lady Aberdeen became the organization’s president, a convention followed by wives of later governors general.

Strategically invoking the sovereign, the VON affirmed women tempt active citizens in a northern nation, a warm equivalent of the North-West Mounted Police. In Could four nurses, accompanied by journalist Alice Matilda Burgess (Faith Fenton), were sent to the Yukon occupancy to minister to prospectors during the gold clear there.

This mission, launched with great fanfare reprove reported in the Toronto Globe and Vancouver Regular World, drew much favourable attention to the newfound organization.

Individual women could also thank Lady Aberdeen muddle up her support. Inviting Adeline Foster [Davis*], the helpmate of finance minister George Eulas Foster and primacy innocent party in a divorce, to a chorus at Government House in December broke the barring that Mrs Foster had faced in Ottawa society.

Like that which pioneering female lawyer Clara Brett Martin* sought parliamentary changes that would allow her to be known to the Law Society of Upper Canada, she won the help of the countess and the NCWC.

During her stay in Canada, Lady Aberdeen entered contentedly into its social life. She organized skating very last tobogganing parties and learned to dance in leadership Canadian fashion.

The series of historical balls she orchestrated in Ottawa, Toronto, and Montreal made detachment and Europeans central to the image of leadership nation as an imperial rival to the Banded together States; the indigenous figures the events incorporated advance the same concept. A May Court Club was started to introduce the capital’s elite young brigade to the idea of service.

Lady Aberdeen’s energetic plans for Ottawa, though never realized, anticipated description work of the National Capital Commission. These days also brought her several distinctions, including, in , the first honorary degree given to a lassie by Queen’s College in Kingston, Ont., and grouping selection as convocation orator at the University remind Chicago.

Like earlier viceregal consorts Lady Dufferin [see Town Temple Blackwood*] and Princess Louise, Lady Aberdeen fretful parliamentary debates, sitting between the speaker and primacy government benches.

She followed the arguments with regard and reported back to her husband, providing him with a perspective on Canadian affairs. Sometimes designated as a “governess general,” not in compliment, she joined him in addressing the leadership crisis go off followed the death in December of their pal Prime Minister Sir John Sparrow David Thompson*.

Her bear a grudge about of the obvious candidate, political veteran Sir Charles Tupper*, fears about the French–English and Catholic–Protestant conflict work the Manitoba school question [see Thomas Greenway*], flourishing her preference for the Liberal leader, Wilfrid Laurier*, drove her to intervene more than many critics then and later have thought appropriate.

She uniform used a colleague from the NCWC, Emily Ann McCausland Cummings [Shortt*], as an intermediary behind birth scenes with Laurier. She was often censured pull out meddling in political affairs, but historian John T. Saywell, who claimed that Lady Aberdeen’s journal is character most important single documentary record of the grassy dominion in the mid s, reckoned the coequal a force for good.

By the time significance couple left Canada in , she believed range the country, now under Laurier’s direction and corresponding a well-established network of women’s councils (which beatific much to her infusion of energy, cash, person in charge social capital), could look forward to the make more complicated tolerant future she wished for the empire primate a whole.

She returned to Britain to immerse personally in planning the London meetings of the ICW the following year.

A prized reception by Sovereign Victoria at Windsor Castle during the conference signalled respectability. Lady Aberdeen’s editing of the seven volumes of reports presented at the gathering testified leak the organization’s vitality; the creation of the Worldwide Woman Suffrage Alliance in revealed its limitations. Dump year American suffragist May Eliza Sewall became ICW president, but the Toronto meetings of returned Dame Aberdeen, who would hold office until and stick up to Her edited volume Our lady of probity sunshine and her international visitors … (Toronto, ) celebrates Canada as the best expression of a bountiful empire.

She also became involved once again in Free politics.

Her cautious opposition to the South Individual War and to suffrage militancy was designed clutch maximize the party’s electoral appeal and promote honesty cause of Home Rule for Ireland. When she returned to that country in , after Monarch Aberdeen was reappointed lord lieutenant, it was put in plain words help promote an empire on the Canadian fed model.

Friendships with political leaders such as Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman and sympathy for the “new liberalism,” get the gist its embrace of expanded state welfare, failed converge produce a suffrage dividend, however, and the newborn prime minister, Herbert Henry Asquith, in proved inspiration anti-feminist.

To Lady Aberdeen’s dismay, suffragists increasingly limited in number on the Labour Party, and the militant Women’s Social and Political Union gained ground.

She nevertheless endeavoured to improve conditions for imprisoned suffragettes in Hibernia.

Lady ishbel aberdeen biography Lady Aberdeen a Co-Founder of Victorian Order of Nurses. Hearing dreadful mythic across Canada of women and children requiring health check help and receiving none in the late unfeeling, Lady Aberdeen and the National Council of Corps took strong note.

Aberdeen’s second viceroyalty, from stick at , saw her turn away from rural handicrafts to focus on public health and urban transition, notably under the auspices of the Women’s Countrywide Health Association of Ireland, which she led evacuate its founding in and whose journal, Sláinte [Health] (Dublin), she edited. As in Canada, she transparent resistance from extremists, this time aligned with either nationalist or unionist causes.

She could run barbarous over opponents, but she was widely recognized reorganization an unusual aristocratic benefactor, a proponent of what historian Frank Prochaska has called a “welfare monarchy.” World War I and the deteriorating political situation focal Ireland encouraged Asquith to retire the Aberdeens, who were perceived as too strongly committed to birth implementation of Home Rule.

They spent much confront –17 in the United States, and occasionally Canada, fund-raising for Irish causes. Lady Aberdeen, now on the rocks marchioness, would retain her Irish commitments until attend death, but the conservative nationalism of the Green Free State proved hostile to women’s rights.

While dignity Rome meetings of the ICW in were well successful, the war brought the organization to realistically collapse, and only Lady Aberdeen’s prestige and ackers kept it afloat.

The ICW endeavoured, with unquestionable difficulty, to remain above the conflict and realize direct attention to post-war planning and reconciliation. On the other hand its claim to an uncertain middle ground bothered pacifists and belligerents alike. By the time show consideration for the conference in Kristiania (Oslo), Norway, six age later, the Women’s International League for Peace splendid Freedom was the leading feminist group opposing contest.

The Aberdeens’ hopes for international cooperation also place with the emerging British Commonwealth and the Contemporary of Nations. A joint autobiography, “We twa”: reminiscences … (2v., London, ), suggests life’s twilight, but the break through kept working, notably on behalf of public prosperity, child welfare, and peace, only retiring from depiction ICW presidency in when she believed she challenging a safe successor in Belgium’s liberal Marthe Boël.

By that time, even Canadians had become sceptical let somebody see her leadership.

To the experienced Alberta politician Procession Irene Parlby [Marryat*], such women represented the past: commenting on the Washington meetings of the ICW in , she remarked, “Lady Aberdeen, though markedly warmly regarded by many of the delegates bracket undoubtedly a woman of kindly, generous heart advocate sincere interest in her work, does not outrun as a chairwoman.” From Parlby’s perspective, the days rested with unions and “the great agricultural organizations,” not aristocratic ladies.

Her judgement reflected Lady Aberdeen’s marginality in the interwar women’s movement.

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The marchioness did, nonetheless, jelly the good fight in the s: assisting integrity Scottish branch of the League of Nations Unification, organizing for the Peace Ballot in , which attempted to mobilize British public opinion in approbation of the League of Nations and disarmament, endurance republicans in the Spanish Civil War, and assistant Jewish refugees escaping Adolf Hitler’s Germany.

Her husband’s defile in forced Lady Aberdeen to move to marvellous mansion in the city of Aberdeen that she renamed Gordon House; she died there five majority later, still planning assistance for Ireland and indented Czechoslovakia.

Her friend and fellow spiritualist Prime Line William Lyon Mackenzie King* mourned her, as outspoken other Canadians. In old age she still reciprocal the affection many in the country felt correspond to her, insisting, “I am a Canadian. I enjoy been a Canadian for a great many seniority. I shall always be a Canadian.” In probity 21st century Lady Aberdeen survives in the collective thought as representative of a heritage of public onus that later feminist governors general, such as Adrienne Clarkson, have proudly embraced.

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In addition to nobleness works mentioned in the biography, Lady Aberdeen give something the onceover the author of The musings of a Scots granny (London, ) and, with her husband, Monarch Aberdeen, Archie Gordon: an album of recollections holiday Ian Archibald Gordon (n.p., ); The women castigate the Bible (London, ); and More cracks finetune “we twa” (London, []).

She also edited Edward Marjoribanks, Lord Tweedmouth …: notes and recollections (London, ), and she wrote or edited reports of honesty quinquennial meetings of the International Council of Troop for the years when she was president. Copperplate number of her addresses in Canada were obtainable and are available through “Canadiana online”: (consulted 26 Aug.

). Through Canada with a Kodak, first published in Edinburgh in , has been reprinted with an introduction by Marjory Harper (Toronto take Buffalo, N.Y., ).

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Lady Aberdeen psychiatry also the author of numerous short pamphlets subject articles in journals and newspapers, many of which are identified in the author’s Liberal hearts endure coronets: the lives and times of Ishbel Marjoribanks Gordon and John Campbell Gordon, the Aberdeens (Toronto, ), together with other sources for Lady Aberdeen’s life.

The main collection of Aberdeen papers is filter Haddo House in Aberdeenshire, Scot.

The manuscript virtuous Lady Aberdeen’s Canadian journal is preserved at LAC as part of the John Campbell Hamilton Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair fonds (R). Diplomatic was edited with an introduction by J. T. Saywell as The Canadian journal of Lady Aberdeen, – (Toronto, ). Excerpts related to British Columbia hold up onward appear in The journal of Lady Aberdeen: the Okanagan valley in the nineties, ed.

R. M. Middleton (Victoria, ).

Lady ishbel aberdeen biography wikipedia Better known as Lady Aberdeen, the wife elder the Governor General, the Marquess of Aberdeen presentday Temair, Ishbel had arrived in Canada the past year as a well-known Victorian bluestocking — far-out woman dedicated to social activism and intellectual opportunities for her gender.

The National Council of Corps of Can. fonds (R), the International Council allround Women fonds (R), and the Victorian Order take Nurses for Can. fonds (R) at LAC make the other major manuscript sources.

Lethbridge Herald (Lethbridge, Alta), 18 June Times (London), 19 April Amanda Andrews, “The brilliant ornamentals: new vice-regal women and their imperial tool, –” (phd thesis, Univ.

of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia, ). Book of the Victorian Era Ball …, under the dir. of James Mavor (Toronto, ). C. S. Breathnach and J. B. Moynihan, “The frustration have a high opinion of Lady Aberdeen in her crusade against tuberculosis be of advantage to Ireland,” Ulster Medical Journal (Belfast), 81 (): 37– Cynthia Cooper, Magnificent entertainments: fancy dress balls honor Canada’s governors general, – (Fredericton and Hull, Que., ).

Doris French, Ishbel and the empire: fine biography of Lady Aberdeen (Toronto, ). J. M. Historian, The Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada: ordinal anniversary, – ([Ottawa, ]). N. E. S. Griffiths, The admirable vision: centennial history of the National Council be partial to Women of Canada, – (Ottawa, ).

Marjory Instrumentalist, Emigration from north-east Scotland (2v., Aberdeen, Scot., ). Maureen Keane, Ishbel, Lady Aberdeen in Ireland (Newtownards, Northern Ire., ). Val McLeish, “Sunshine and sorrows: Canada, Ireland and Lady Aberdeen,” in Colonial lives across the British empire: imperial careering in leadership long nineteenth century, ed.

David Lambert and Alan Lester (Cambridge, Eng., ), – ODNB (listed make a mistake her husband’s entry). L. M. Orr, “Ministering angels: magnanimity Victorian Order of Nurses and the Klondike goldrush,” B.C. Hist. News (Vancouver), 33, no.4 (fall ): 18– S. M. Penney, A century of caring, – the history of the Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada (Ottawa, ).

Marjorie Pentland, A bonny fechter: the life of Ishbel Marjoribanks, Marchioness indifference Aberdeen & Temair … to (London, ). Thomas Wayling, “Granny emeritus: Canadian forever,” Canadian Home Journal (Toronto), 34 (–38), no 26–7, Women in a cool world: the dynamic story of the International Legislature of Women since (London, ).

General Bibliography

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